Lisao of the Lyrics of Chu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lisao of the Lyrics of Chu - Essay Example It has a lofty ideal and contains his determination to fight for its realization. His poem aims to discuss the various historical themes combined with legends and myths. (Stephen Owen). In terms of form, the Lisao is a first person monologue which is rich in imagery and skillful metaphor. The Lisao is a long lyrical poem permeated with romanticism and moving fairy tales. Lisao deals with calumny and slander of a sordid political reality, and the more general burden of the constraints of human existence, prompt the poet to undertake an "upward journey" (shangzheng). In Lisao, the enactment of other realms is self-conscious, almost self-reflexive: it is an extension of the poet's "declaration of intent." Summoned through an act of sheer will, the other world can be a precarious illusion-hence the poet's disappointments, doubts, and hesitations during his aerial journeys in "Encountering Sorrow."(David Schulman and Guy Stroumsa 37). In terms of content, the poem deals with search, sorrow and disappointments of an exiled prince. The poem also represents stages in Quan's life. It also laments his misfortunes and declares his virtue. In this poem, Qu Yuan attacks those who have defamed him and goes on a cosmic quest for a worthy lord. Moreover, the Lisao counterchange at poetic peaks; chiastic rhetoric highlights and fulfills central cultural and literary values. It shows the reciprocal relations between lord-vassal, heaven-human. Reciprocity pervades and underpins so ourselves to illuminating the dual nature of Chinese songs: requital and retribution. Qu Yuan's life reveals the paradigmatic of the double-edged relation of the Confucian intellectual to the structures of state power. 1 He is part of China's tradition literary martyrdom. To claim to be witness to a higher moral truth while remaining subject to those holding absolute power, is the kind of situation particularly conducive to producing martyrs. Chiastic genealogy marks Qu Yuan as a noble hero of a poem that will repeatedly counterbalance misunderstood nobility against blind depravity. "Encountering Sorrow" deploys counterchange distinctively; throughout, Qu Yuan consistently uses chiasmus not to bind together and suggest but to deny it and enforce separation. He laments that none at court can appreciate true nobility, usually metaphorized as "beauty" or fragrance, as in this upside-down counterchange (36): They gather dung and muck to stuff their sachets; Claim ginger and pepper have no fragrance! Jiu Ge ("Nine Songs"), also attributed to Qu Yuan, is the first example of what could be called shamanic literature in China. Qu Yuan fights against olfactory oppression by marshalling a shaman's arts and lore to undertake a magic itinerary seeking divine powers, divine aid, divine love. His "shaman's way" metaphor enlivens Lisao, e.g. at 16: Regretting I had scanned my path inexactly, After long pause I turned about. I turned my chariot round to retrace the road, Before my path had strayed too far." Here a transition from direct lament to metaphoric presentation spins another binding thread; not only do "not deep" and "shallow" form a frame for quickly and rapids, they sound similar: dzivm and tsien (tsien). Our shamanic poet then continues with a metaphor that inverts things from their proper places (62): I've tried to pluck creeping ficus in the waters, Pick lotus-blossoms in the treetops. The poet laments

Team Building Essay Example for Free

Team Building Essay Discuss and compare the different types of team and the benefits of different teams for different objectives Introduction The organisation that I will be talking about is Arsenal Football Club. Arsenal Football Club is a professional football team in the premier division of the English Football League which is run by the Football Association. Arsenal Football Club is an informal and formal team. They are formal on the pitch because they have to respect each other as well as the referee. Off the pitch Arsenal Football Club are an informal team this is shown by the way the players communicate with each other; be it verbal or non-verbal. Another Way that it is apparent that Arsenal Football Club is an informal team is by their use of body language towards each other. The size of Arsenal Football Club is large as there is more than one team because there is the backroom staff team, coaching team and the team of footballers who play week in-week out. The interesting factor about Arsenal Football Club is that without one of these three teams the others wont function properly, so in order to keep the balance all three teams have to work together with each other to make sure that their aims and targets are met. Responsibilities Team Business Line management Backroom staff To make sure the players are fit to play, to make sure the kits are ready, to keep the pitch neat and finely cut To treat injured players in the correct manner, Coaching team To train the players each week, sort out tactics, pick the team, assign the captain, sort out player and staff contracts To make sure the tactics that are being used are getting the right results, to make sure that all players/staff contracts dont expire Football players To perform on the pitch, to increase shirt sales through performance, to advertise club merchandise To make sure they win as many games as possible, to listen and follow the coaching teams instructions Organisation chart Types of Teams Benefits of Working in Teams There are many different types of teams. My personal definition of the phrase team-work is working in a group to contribute ideas and thought; and then working together to follow up these ideas. It could also mean supporting one another in a group. Group dynamics is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes. Relevant to the fields of communication studies, a group is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships. Because they interact and influence each other, groups develop a number of dynamic processes that separate them from a random collection of individuals. These processes include roles, relations, development, need to belong, social influence, and effects on behaviour. The field of group dynamics is primarily concerned with small group behaviour. Other types of teams include: * Task Force a temporary team assembled to investigate a specific issue or problem * Problem Solving Team a temporary team assembled to solve a specific problem. * Product Design Team a temporary team assembled to design a new product or service. * Committee a temporary or permanent group of people assembled to act upon some matter. * Work Group a permanent group of workers who receive direction from a designated leader. * Work Team an ongoing group of workers who share a common mission who collectively manage their own affairs within predetermined boundaries. * Quality Circle a group of workers from the same functional area who meet regularly to uncover and solve work-related problems and seek work improvement opportunities. I will now state each type of team whilst listing their advantages and disadvantages. Types of teams Advantages Disadvantages Formal Organised, well structured, professional, punctual Usually more work expected, have to dress alike with other employees, more tension to meet deadlines Informal Laid back, relaxed, casual, non-fixed hours Lack of structure could lead to reduction in professionalism Small Focus, Clarity, in a smaller team, everyone has a line of sight to everyone else, interaction less range of ideas, losing one person can stall a lot of work, slow rate of production, since theres less of them there would be more work for each of them to do when they share it out Large More ideas, more production, people can be covered during days off Costs more, can be conflicts, too many people can slow the rate of work Temporary Meet new people, inject new ideas to the project, learn new skills You lose good friends, take long to adjust to specific roles, Permanent Trust, loyalty, fixed-schedule, long term If you dislike someone in your team they will remain there. If you dislike your job you will have to keep it. Contribution to Organisational Productivity My chosen organisations goals are to win as many games in the season as they can, to win silverware each year and to beat all rivals. The way that this becomes possible each year is by the team working together to achieve these goals. Each of my chosen teams within the organisation has to do their specified jobs otherwise the goals arent achieved. Because the teams have been together for such a long time, they have developed a familiarity with the roles of each other and so often they are able to stand in for each other. Because the employees know each other well enough they have learnt to trust each other and know what will happen in certain situations on the football field. Reducing Alienation Within every team, every member of the team has a certain part to play and this helps motivate each member because they can feel as if without them the team isnt complete and so they can feel proud of their contributions as they feel part of a team. This reduces alienation. Team members can learn from one another which would lead to increased respect for each other because they are able to see the skills that they have and realise how difficult it is to do what they do. We can relate this to Belbins theory which indentified nine team members within the team. According to Belbins theory of nine team roles, building working teams would be advised to ensure that each of the roles can be performed by a team member. Some roles are compatible and can be more easily fulfilled by the same person; some are less compatible and are likely to be done well by people with different behavioural clusters. This means that a team need not be as many as nine people, but perhaps should be at least three or four including the main team members who are the leader, plant, implementer and the co-ordinator . While comparisons can be drawn between Belbins behavioural team roles and personality types, the roles represent tasks and functions in the self-management of the teams activities. Here is a table showing the role of each member and their characteristics. Role characteristics Plant Creative, imaginative, unorthodox, solves difficult problems Resource investigator Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative, explores opportunities, develops contacts Co-ordinator Mature, confident, clarifies goals, promotes decision making, delegates well Shaper Challenging, thrives on pressure, dynamic, has drive and courage to overcome obstacles Monitor or evaluator Sober, strategic, discerning, judges accurately Team worker Co-operative, mild, perceptive, diplomatic, listens, build, averts friction Implementer Disciplined, reliable conservative, efficient, turns ideas into practical actions Completer or finisher Painstaking, searches out errors and omissions, delivers on time, anxious, conscientious Specialist Single minded, self starting, dedicated, provides knowledge and skills in rare supply Sharing Expertise If a team had too many of one particular role than the effect and impact of this on the overall performance would be awful because you would have a lot of team members who could do a similar job to one another and so the level of productivity would decrease as they would have similar ideas to one another. Another problem with this could be that the team members would lose respect for one another because, as I mentioned earlier, each member of the team gains respect for one another because they have the skills to do something that they themselves cannot do. So if they all have similar skills than they would lose respect for one another which would mean that the team would perform as well as they should. Another problem with this is that if, for example, you had a lot of members who Belbin described as plants and no-one who was an implementer than there would be no reason for the team to exist as the aims of the team wouldnt be achieved because of the lack of the implementer, who turns the plants creative ideas into practical actions. Opportunities to Identify Talent One of the great things about Arsenal Football Club is that they allow the team members to freely express their talents. One great example of this would be the fact that The Manager, Arsene Wenger, has a fabulous scouting network which goes all around the world looking for the best talents. Once they recruit player into the youth team then they have them train with other player who they feel are of similar level as one another, this gives them a feeling that they are all equal which rises their confidence. They constantly put youth players, who have developed enough, into the first team and turn them into world-class players. A few examples of this would be: * Cesc Fabregas, bought in from Barcelona youth academy at the age of 16 and is now a regular at Arsenal Football Club as well as being the youngest ever scorer for the club. * Thierry Henry, bought from Juventus at the age of 21 when he wasnt being given enough playing time, moved him to the striker position and is now the clubs all-time top scorer. * Theo Walcott, bought from Southampton at the age of 16 for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 million, and is now in the full England international team. The way the club explore a players talents is mainly though training sessions. Another way they explore talent is by using the team members in positions that they arent used to, for example using Theo Walcott who is a striker as a right winger to see what his attacking attributes are like. Implementing change There are many problems in trying to force change within a team. In doing this some of the team members might feel less values as they might have less or more to do, than the other members, than they had before. A team can influence change in both a positive way and a negative way. The positives could be that: * The team end product wasnt efficient enough so the change helps increase efficiency * Members of the team might fell more valued as they have more responsibility on their shoulders * Could boost morale * Would increase personal development The negatives could be that: * Stop personal development * Decrease performance * Lose respect for fellow team members * Members lose focus * Poor organisational structure * Decrease efficiency Fostering Innovation A team is much more creative than individuals because a team takes the skills from each member of the team and puts it together to increase the efficiency. The good thing about having a team is that the different roles can help certain members focus because of an authority figure giving them orders. Accountability Overall Organisation Objective Team Objective Individual Objective * To remove the debts owed to banks * To make the organisation known worldwide * Sell out matches every week * To increase revenue * Go as far as they can in all competitions * To score as many goals as they can * Beat all rivals * Win all competitions * Reducing reliance on key individuals by learning from each other * To improve personal skills * To contribute to the team * To earn the right to get a pay increase * To get into the starting eleven * To become a fans favourites Team Building My chosen organisation has to make a lot of considerations when recruiting new team members. The main consideration would be are they worth their value; because Arsenal Football Club is part of the Football Association, they have to abide to rules which are set out to make the game as fair as possible. So when Arsenal Football Club needs to recruit team members from other organisations, they have to either pay a compensation fee or a transfer fee (which can be rejected). Another consideration they have to take is will the new team member be able to give the team something which they dont already have. This is very important because if they have enough strikers, for example, then there is no need to go out and buy another one because it would just be a waste of money. The only reason that doing this could be justified is the age factor, this is when Arsenal Football Club buys new team members because they will be challenging the current team members in a few years or the fact that they will be put into the reserves or youth academies. The most important factor that they must see is whether the new team member will have the correct characteristics. This has been shown in the past as Arsenal Football Club have released very good players with a lot of potential because they did not have the correct attitude; a good example of this is David Bentleys transfer to Blackburn F.C. and of course Ashley Coles transfer to bitter rivals Chelsea F.C. One of the most important facts about Arsenal Football Club is that they always build towards the future. Currently Arsenal Football Club have 27 first team players and 29 reserve team players, so this shows the hard work that Arsenal Football Club have put in to ensure the long term future of the club. Tuckmans Theory Bruce Tuckman published a five stage theory in which it explains team development and behaviour. His theory explains that as the team develops maturity and ability, relationships establish, and the leader changes leadership style. It begins with a directing style, moving through coaching, then participating and finishing delegating and almost detached. At this stage the team will name a successor to the previous leader, who will now go on and develop a new team. The final stage is the breakup of the group, usually when the task is completed successfully. Tuckmans Theory Diagram Reference: www.businessballs.com Progression of Tuckmans Theory * Forming high dependence on leader for guidance and direction * Storming team members attempt to establish themselves in relations to other team members and the leader * Norming agreement and consensus is formed among team, who respond well to facilitation by leader * Performing team is more strategically aware; they know why they do what they do * Adjourning breaks up of the group, hopefully when the task is completed successfully Induction This only applies to when Arsenal Football Club buy players for the team. The induction usually happens just after the transfer where the player is shown around the clubs facilities, training ground and stadium. Once that is complete the player is usually drafted into the first team for pre-season. Here the player can get to know the other team members and communicating with them will help the new team member realise what the teams goals are so that he can participate in helping the team achieve these goals. Motivation Maslows Hierarchy of Needs 1. Concept of hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow 2. Need = personal requirement 3. Maslow assumed people are beings who seek to fulfil needs in their order of importance. Maslow suggests we move up the ladder of needs and are motivated by the lower needs first; do not need to completely satisfy needs on a lower level in order to start work on needs of higher level, Maslows hierarchy provides useful way to view employee motivation and as a guide for management. Herzbergs Motivators and Hygiene Factors Frederick Herzbergs studies of job attitudes and their connection with industrial mental health are related to Maslows theory of motivation. His findings have had a considerable influence on attitudes toward administration. According to Herzberg, the employee is not content with the satisfaction of lower-order needs at work, for example, those associated with minimum salary levels or safe and pleasant working conditions. He instead looks for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives lead to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction at work. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are independent factors. Examples of Hygiene factors (dissatisfaction) * The organization * Its policies and its administration * The kind of supervision which people receive while on the job * Working conditions * Interpersonal relations * Salary * Status * Job security Examples of Motivator factors (satisfaction) * Achievement * Recognition * Growth / advancement * Interest in the job McGregors Theory X and Y Theory X Theory X suggests that individuals have an instilled dislike for work and try to avoid it. Therefore all workers dislike work, try to avoid work, are born inherently lazy, must be constantly dominated into doing a honest days work and only turn up to work to collect their pay. This means that employees must be controlled by threat in order to perform. Such an employee prefers to be directed, avoids responsibility, is explicit, and prefers security above all else. Theory Y Theory Y assumes that employees basically like to work and view work as something rather natural; the worker views this as a potentially enjoyable and positive experience. It brings forward that there are ways to make individuals perform other than through control and punishment. If the employee is committed to the mission of the department he or she will become a self directed employee. Job satisfaction means commitment to the department and its objectives. Under the proper conditions, the employee will learn and lead in to acceptance of responsibility. Many employees can solve problems no matter how big or small. Team Cohesion The definition of the word cohesive is sticking together. In cohesive teams some team members tend to concentrate on task functions while others focus on process maintaining roles. Poor morale The main reasons for poor morale are: * Negative event, such as a firing * Promotion of an employee when others are overlooked * Arguments between staff and/or management * Lack of the companys financial health * Too much or too heavy of a workload * Unappreciated or underappreciated work * Working conditions * Supervision thats too rigid, demanding, direct or involved in the work process * Supervision thats not supportive or strong enough, and doesnt provide needed guidance or input To increase morale you should: * Show concern * Provide appropriate feedback * Create goals * Offer recognition of the employees efforts After analysing each theory I have come to the conclusion that Herzbergs motivators and hygiene factor are best related to Arsenal Football Club. This is due to the fact that the employees of Arsenal Football Club are motivated to achieve whats best for them and the organisation yet they might be dissatisfied due to the pay that they are receiving or their status within the club or maybe even the way the organisation is run. Staff turnover High turnover often means that employees are unhappy with the work or compensation, but it can also indicate unsafe or unhealthy conditions, or that too few employees give satisfactory performance, due to unrealistic expectations or poor candidate screening. Low turnover indicates that none of the above is true: employees are satisfied, healthy and safe, and their performance is satisfactory to the employer. Employee retention To increase employee retention, the employer should: * Integrate performance management including goal setting * Give and receive feedback * Recognize and value employees * Coach employee performance * Handle employee complaints and problems * Provide a motivating work environment * Hold career development discussions with employees Stopping Team Conflict The best way to stop team conflict is to set up clear roles and responsibilities, accountability and goals for each team member that accomplishes the team mission. Then hold each team member accountable to the established team standard. It is also advisable to document your work processes so each team member understands how they fit in the whole picture and how they impact each other. Finally punish the troublemakers by using team feedback and a conflict resolution process. Leadership Having the correct leader for any team is very important because this causes serious changes to the team. Having a disorganised leader for any team will cause the members of the team to lose respect for the leader and each other in the team. Whereas having someone who is punctual, organised, good communicator and who has an interest in the team will be beneficial to the team as this will motivate the team members to respect one another, work harder, and become more efficient as well as having a good organisational structure within the team. Training/Coaching/Mentoring The players of Arsenal Football Club are constantly trained, several times a week, to prepare them for the football games against other football teams. Within the training sessions they discuss tactics which are done accordingly to players skill levels. This helps them become more confident and their skills levels improve as well as their teamwork. The reason their teamwork increases is because they learn to play with the same team members every week so they get used to the way they play and they can adjust their playing style to suit that of the team so the efficiency increases. The difference between training, coaching and mentoring is that: * Training is teaching a team member a certain skill so they can use it to their advantage within the team and for the teams benefit, passing the ball for example * Coaching is supporting, explaining, demonstrating, instructing and directing team members through encouragement and asking questions * Mentoring is focusing on a certain aspect of a team members skill and working on that until it improves, speed for example. This is much more personal and takes longer for the team member to learn the skill because of the fact that you focus on this single skill until it is gained

Essay --

The 1960’s was a time of war, politics, and a trip to the moon. For some it was a turbulent time filled with chaos, while for others it was a peaceful, prosperous time. For my grandfather, Robert Mammini, it was the decade of his life where he would settle down, start a family, and experience a most memorable decade. He was married in 1961 at the age of 24 to my grandma, Mary Mammini. During this decade his family expanded and he had three children. His first born Kim, my mom was born in 1962, followed by my uncle in 1964 and later my aunt in 1966. He and my grandmother lived in Concord, California just several blocks from Clayton Valley High School. It’s weird to think they lived two minutes from where I live now. With my grandma’s hands full with three kids it was up to my grandpa to be the working man. He worked at James Nelson Company, a booming heating and air conditioning company, in San Francisco where he made good wages and was given great benefits. With the good pay my grandfather was able to easily afford a brand new home priced at $22,000, which included 3 beds and 2 baths. This decade was the start of a long ride for the Mammini family filled with incredible world events that we will never experience again. The sixties was a decade filled with major political debates that affected the entire country. By the time the sixties came around we were in the most turbulent part of the Cold War, an era of military and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. As Dwight Eisenhower brought the fifties to a close it was time for a new president to take hold of the reigns. As the country closed in on one of the closest elections in history it was up to Democratic candidate, John F. Kennedy to compete agains... ...ed the rest of his life. My grandfather told me that the sixties were some of the best years of his life. He married the love of his life at the beginning of the decade and by its’ final few years he had three beautiful children that would all go on to live happy lives. The decade had several near disasters but none of them materialized. Overall the sixties was a great time for America. The people were happy, technology was on the move, and the economy was booming. It was also a time where it finally looked like the U.S. was finally pulling ahead of the Soviet Union. We defused a crisis that forced the Soviets to stand down during the Cuban Missile Crisis. They may have beaten us into putting a man into space, but we won the final battle when we landed on the moon. The sixties no doubt had their lows, but they were outweighed by all the highs they brought with them. Essay -- The 1960’s was a time of war, politics, and a trip to the moon. For some it was a turbulent time filled with chaos, while for others it was a peaceful, prosperous time. For my grandfather, Robert Mammini, it was the decade of his life where he would settle down, start a family, and experience a most memorable decade. He was married in 1961 at the age of 24 to my grandma, Mary Mammini. During this decade his family expanded and he had three children. His first born Kim, my mom was born in 1962, followed by my uncle in 1964 and later my aunt in 1966. He and my grandmother lived in Concord, California just several blocks from Clayton Valley High School. It’s weird to think they lived two minutes from where I live now. With my grandma’s hands full with three kids it was up to my grandpa to be the working man. He worked at James Nelson Company, a booming heating and air conditioning company, in San Francisco where he made good wages and was given great benefits. With the good pay my grandfather was able to easily afford a brand new home priced at $22,000, which included 3 beds and 2 baths. This decade was the start of a long ride for the Mammini family filled with incredible world events that we will never experience again. The sixties was a decade filled with major political debates that affected the entire country. By the time the sixties came around we were in the most turbulent part of the Cold War, an era of military and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. As Dwight Eisenhower brought the fifties to a close it was time for a new president to take hold of the reigns. As the country closed in on one of the closest elections in history it was up to Democratic candidate, John F. Kennedy to compete agains... ...ed the rest of his life. My grandfather told me that the sixties were some of the best years of his life. He married the love of his life at the beginning of the decade and by its’ final few years he had three beautiful children that would all go on to live happy lives. The decade had several near disasters but none of them materialized. Overall the sixties was a great time for America. The people were happy, technology was on the move, and the economy was booming. It was also a time where it finally looked like the U.S. was finally pulling ahead of the Soviet Union. We defused a crisis that forced the Soviets to stand down during the Cuban Missile Crisis. They may have beaten us into putting a man into space, but we won the final battle when we landed on the moon. The sixties no doubt had their lows, but they were outweighed by all the highs they brought with them.

Disposable Goods Targeted by new French Tax Plan

Technology has not come without its demerits. Today, one thing that technology has been able to achieve is an easier and more comfortable life for people. This has been made possible by the easy to use, easy to dispose products that they have introduced to the market. Although we save more time and find these products easier to use, the environment suffers the adverse effect that come with the disposal/pollution of these products.Therefore, the French government is planning to reduce the cost, pollution and the effect that these disposable products cause in the society at the same time; they are trying to imbibe the culture responsibility in the people. They are also trying to reduce the populations overall consumption of energy. The negative externalities here is that this taxation would harm the growth of production companies and this would have an effect on economic growth.In order to drive home the point, the French government is devising a method of tax on disposables and subsid ies on energy effective products that would make the people to be forced to concede to this plan. However, this system of taxation and subsidy bears its own consequence too. In the case of disposables, two things can happen. The first thing is that if the tax is applicable to the producers, the price of the disposable products will escalate.On the other hand, if the tax is on the consumers, the supply would be the same and but demand for the products would be reduced. Overall, there would be reduction in supply in a lower proportion. However, in the case where subsidies are given on fuel-efficient cars, demand for these cars would be higher. Considering the deadweight losses, the externalities can not be reduced.

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Case study: PROBLEM STATEMENT No laws for blind and disable and therefore no rights are allocated to them. BACKGROUND INFORMATION:United Kingdom has rectified united nation convention on the right of person with disabilities on 8 June 2009 and after that it submit to the report to UNCRDP about suggested improvement and activities that it has implemented after the rectification of it. Before going to the content of the report, first we visited the UNCRDP articles which are related to blind.Article which are linked to disable (blind) and mobility:Article one describe the aim of the convention which is to grow , safeguard and ensure equal human rights, basic freedoms for all disable Persons those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments. Article 2 provided definitions the related terms. Languages, display of text for disable , Braille for blind, tactile communication, , accessible multimedia , written, audio, human-reader, plain-language and improved and alternative modes are included in â€Å"communication† , spoken and signed languages and all forms of non-spoken languages are all included in language. All the design of products, environments, programmers and services that can be used by people , these all cannot exclude disable person â€Å"universal design† â€Å"Article 4 the general obligations ensure nations to adopt all appropriate legislative, administrative, policies and other measures like technology, mobility aid , devices at affordable cost for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention and also ensure in all these process , disable person should be include in it. Article 9 â€Å"the Accessibility† enables persons with disabilities to live freely and for that states parties shall take suitable measures on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications, elimination of obstacles and barriers to accessibility. At buildings, roads, transportation and other indoor and outdoor, including schools, housing, medical facilities and workplaces, facilities and Information, communications and electronic and emergency services. Furthermore states parties shall also take appropriate measures for developing standard provide in buildings and other facilities open to the public signage in Braille and in easy to read and understand forms, promote the design, development, production and distribution of accessible information and communications technologies and systems which help disable. Article 20 which is Personal mobility describe to provide quality mobility aids, devices, assistive technologies and forms of live assistance and intermediaries, including by making them available at affordable cost; and provide training in mobility skill to disable person.Disability rights in the UK: UK Independent Mechanism updated submission to the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ahead of the public examination of the UK's implementation of the UN CRPD. The step shall be taken by United Kingdom and the step which it already taken after the rectification of UNCRPD under its article 33 are describe the submission provides information on the implementation in the UK of the CRPD in August 2017.Accessibility (Articles 9, 21, 30):In this report, they describe their problem which was earlier and now it exist after it about accessibility article which is that there is a continues barriers to accessing rail, bus and taxi services across the UK for disable person and no sufficient information available to people with sensory impairments on trains and buses. After the rectification of UNCRDP, the Bus Services Act 2017 (the 2017 Act) was introduced on 19 May 2016 in the House of Lords and received Royal Assent on April 27 2017.The Bus Services Act 2017 (the 2017 Act): To improve bus services for passengers and uses a new tool kit to enable improvement is the aim of the act. The powers in the 2017 Act could be used to achieve better journeys with new buses serving more or different locations, operating at night or weekends, Easier, contactless payment, More tickets that work across operators and modes, provide information about when your bus will arrive and how much it will cost and it will more accessible for disable passengers. In UK one in twelve people being disable so in this it emphasize to provide inclusive service to them as they more use bus than rail and take a step to improve the service.Provide them accessibility features like wheelchair, more space on-board vehicles, and make a system which provides audible and visible service which identifies routes and stops which help blind. Provide information to them as many disable do not want to travel in it as they have lack confidence about it. It is recommending in the act that authorities should provide information about the features of the services which help disable passengers. Information should describe transport networks, bus point, stations and stops, put a Accessibility features for disable in the vehicles such as audible and visible announcement; Information must provide about bus passes and local discretionary concessions, provide training to customers and staff about disability awareness. All the transportation which provided in soft copy must provide in hard copy and accessible format such as braille. (Disability rights in the UK: UK Independent Mechanism updated submission to the CRPD Committee)(Convention on the Rights of Persons nwith Disabilities and Optional Protocol)(https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY;mtdsg_no=IV-15;chapter=4;lang=_en;clang=_en)(The Bus Services Act 2017 New powers and opportunities) LESSON LEARN:United nation convention on the rights of disable person are developed comprehensively, but this paper does not have value unless and until the countries adopt it , rectified it into their laws and make act which are align to this convention . law is the document which provide framework about action which need to be undertaken. In our country, there is no law developed specifically for blind and for their mobility it means we destroy our extensive population which are blind and not involve them in our economy and not follow fundamental right of Pakistan constitution 1973.

Sustainable Transport Policy The WritePass Journal

Sustainable Transport Policy 1. Developing Countries and Transportation Sustainable Transport Policy ]. Aleklett, K. (2007).  Peak oil and the evolving strategies of oil importing and exporting countries  (No. 2007-17). Discussion paper. [online] internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper17.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Candiracci, S. (2009). Climate change, urbanization and sustainable urban transport in developing country cities. Energy transport Policies Section. [online] unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/7997_10872_Sara%20Candiracci.pdf [accessed October 24th 2013]. Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change: a review.  Journal of transport geography,  15(5), pp. 354-367. [online] boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/nachhaltigkeit/Klimafreundliche_Arbeitsmobilit%C3%A4t/Chapman_2007_Transport_and_climate_change_a_review.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Cheng, H., Hu, Y. (2010). Planning for sustainability in Chinas urban development: Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project.  Journal of Environmental Monitoring,  12(1), pp. 119-126. [online] http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/em/b911473d/unauth#!divAbstract [accessed October 25th 2013]. Dargay, J., Gately, D., Sommer, M. (2007). Vehicle ownership and income growth, worldwide: 1960-2030.  The Energy Journal. pp. 143-170. [online] xesc.cat/Et2050_Library/attachments/Imp_Vehicles_per_capita_2030.pdf [accessed October 25th 2013]. Gakenheimer, R. (1999). Urban mobility in the developing world.  Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,  33(7), 671-689. [online] sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000051   [accessed October 22th 2013]. Gwilliam, K. (2003). Urban transport in developing countries. [online] Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893#.Umwm7XCb55g [accessed October 20th 2013]. Kutzbach, M. J. (2009). Motorization in developing countries: Causes, consequences, and effectiveness of policy options.  Journal of Urban Economics,  65(2), pp. 154-166. [online] https://webfiles.uci.edu/kutzbach/www/Kutzbach_Motorization_2008.pdf [accessed October 23th 2013]. TranSafety, (1998). Strategies for Solving Urban Transportation Problems in Developing Countries. Road Management Engineering Journal. [online] 1-800-777-2338 usroads.com/index.html [accessed October 22th 2013]. Transport Policy Advisory Services, (2010). Callenges of urban transport in developing countries- a summary. [online] sutp.org/ins-pol-supporting-docs?download=391:challenges-of-urban-transport-in-developing-countries-a-summary [accessed October 20th 2013]. Wright, L., Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations.  Transport Reviews,  25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013]. Wright, L., Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations.  Transport Reviews,  25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013].

How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay Example

How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay Example How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay Jamaica It Is a little disconcerting , the laid back attitude of the hire car companies employees as we assumed a half assured Job. The first road sign we see when departing the airport Is keep left, obviously put out by the hire car company. So of course, we are driving on the left side of the road as we wheel Into the first roundabout, horns honking and Mum muttering. I tighten my settable for our rather frightening drive to Beeches Angrier Resort on the Islands west shore. Jamaican seem to drive either way too slow or much too fast. And, with one middle-passing lane shared by vehicles driving either direction, drivers seemingly enjoy playing a nervy game of who was the ballets. We do arrive safely at our all-inclusive resort and, after the drive. The cheery. Personable valet also bumps fists with me, offers the phrase Respect Moon, and hands me a fancy tropical fruit drink.. We sip our drinks, now fully relaxed on a comfy sofa in the breeze-filled Colonial-style parlor. Some more elided back employees then take away our bags and takes to our room. I have to say however that the employees ay be laid back but they must be efficient as there was no problem Moon and no worries, leaving us with no complaints. The island of Jamaica is the very essence of cool, . Lets the perfect sun destination for the family, and birth place of Bob Marled . The locals are inviting, contagiously funny, laid back, naturally warm, friendly and themselves content with what they have, even when they are trying to sell you carved mahogany trinkets or, on one occasion when we took stroll off resort property, a little bit of Marijuana. To keep busy, the resort allows for outdoor games of shuffle board, basketball or Crazy golf and offers indoor pool tables and a games room, Billiards In the pool, gliding down watersides or bellying up to a poolside bar for a cocktail are enjoyable pastimes. Guests can also scuba dive and explore the vast biodiversity of life as it Is Included In the price of your stay, so you may as well make the most of It. The guides are again laid back but only because they make the situation comfortable for themselves. For example strapping a tank to my back , comfort you with the words youll be k Moon and throwing me In. If you Like heights, a circus troupe oversees trapeze lessons, or you can clamber up the rock-climbing wall. The food. Once you ignored that the resort was mostly full of Americans. Who piled cheese and syrup on there bacon at breakfast, was amazing. Ribs, Fish, Pizza anything you dreamed of the chef would make, and to show our gratitude we passed him a hefty tip under the hotels no tip policy. Will have left feeling it was money well spent.

History and Facts About Alcatraz Prison

History and Facts About Alcatraz Prison Once considered the prison of American prisons, the island of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay has been an asset to the U.S. Army, the federal prison system, jailhouse folklore, and the historical evolution of the West Coast. Despite its reputation as a cold and unforgiving penitentiary, Alcatraz is now one of the most prominent tourist magnets in San Francisco. In 1775, Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala chartered what is now San Francisco Bay. He called the 22-acre rocky island La Isla de los Alcatraces, meaning Island of the Pelicans. With no vegetation or habitation, Alcatraz was little more than a desolate islet occupied by the occasional swarm of birds. Under the English-speaking influence, the name Alcatraces became Alcatraz. Fort Alcatraz Alcatraz was reserved for military use under President Millard Fillmore in 1850. Meanwhile, the discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada Mountains brought growth and prosperity to San Francisco. The lure of the Gold Rush demanded the protection of California as gold seekers flooded the San Francisco Bay. In response, the U.S. Army built a fortress on the rocky face of Alcatraz. They made plans to install more than 100 cannons, making Alcatraz the most heavily armed entity on the West Coast. The first functional lighthouse on the West Coast was built on Alcatraz Island as well. Once fully equipped with weaponry in 1859, the island was deemed Fort Alcatraz. Having never fired its own weapons in combat, Fort Alcatraz quickly evolved from an island of defense to an island of detention. In the early 1860s, civilians arrested for treason during the Civil War were housed on the island. With the influx of prisoners, additional living quarters were built to house 500 men. Alcatraz as a jail would continue for 100 years. Throughout history, the average population of the island hovered between 200 and 300 people, never at maximum capacity. The Rock After the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906, inmates from nearby prisons were transferred to the infallible Alcatraz. Over the next five years, prisoners built a new jail, designated Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison, Alcatraz Island. Popularly known as The Rock, Alcatraz served as an army disciplinary barracks until 1933. Prisoners were educated and received military and vocational training here. Alcatraz of the early 20th century was a minimum-security prison. Prisoners spent their days working and learning. Some were even employed as babysitters for the families of prison officers. They eventually built a baseball field and inmates fashioned their own baseball uniforms. Boxing matches among inmates known as â€Å"Alcatraz Fights† were hosted on Friday nights. Prison life played a role in the changing landscape of the island. The military transported soil to Alcatraz from nearby Angel Island, and many prisoners were trained as gardeners. They planted roses, bluegrass, poppies, and lilies. Under the order of the U.S. Army, Alcatraz was a fairly mild institution and its accommodations were favorable. The geographic location of Alcatraz was the undoing of U.S. Army occupation. Importing food and supplies to the island was much too expensive. The Great Depression of the 1930s forced the army off the island, and the prisoners were transferred to institutes in Kansas and New Jersey. Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island Alcatraz was obtained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1934. The former military detention center became America’s first maximum-security civilian penitentiary. This â€Å"prison system’s prison† was specifically designed to house the most horrendous prisoners, the troublemakers that other federal prisons could not successfully detain. Its isolated location made it ideal for the exile of hardened criminals, and a strict daily routine taught inmates to follow prison rule and regulation. The Great Depression witnessed some of the most heinous criminal activity in modern American history, and Alcatraz’s severity was well suited to its time. Alcatraz was home to notorious criminals including Al â€Å"Scarface† Capone, who was convicted of tax evasion and spent five years on the island. Alvin â€Å"Creepy† Karpis, the FBI’s first â€Å"Public Enemy,† was a 28-year resident of Alcatraz. The most famous prisoner was Alaskan murderer Robert â€Å"Birdman† Stroud, who spent 17 years on Alcatraz. Over its 29 years of operation, the federal prison housed more than 1,500 convicts. Daily life in the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary was harsh. Prisoners were given four rights. They included medical attention, shelter, food, and clothing. Recreational activities and family visits had to be earned through hard work. Punishments for bad behavior included hard labor, wearing a 12-pound ball and chain, and lock-downs where prisoners were kept in solitary confinement, restricted to bread and water. There was a total of 14 escape attempts by over 30 prisoners. Most were caught, several were shot, and a few were swallowed by the chilling swells of the San Francisco Bay. Why Did Alcatraz Close? The prison on Alcatraz Island was expensive to operate, as all supplies had to be brought in by boat. The island had no source of fresh water, and almost one million gallons were shipped in each week. Building a high-security prison elsewhere was more affordable for the Federal Government, and as of 1963 â€Å"Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island† was no more. Today, the equivalent of the infamous federal prison on Alcatraz Island is a maximum-security institution in Florence, Colorado. It is nicknamed â€Å"Alcatraz of the Rockies†. Tourism Alcatraz Island became a national park in 1972 and is considered part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Open to the public in 1973, Alcatraz sees more than one million visitors from across the globe each year. Alcatraz is best known as a maximum-security prison. Media attention and fantastic stories have exaggerated this image. The San Francisco Bay islet has been much more than this. Alcatraz as a mass of rock named for its birds, an American fort during the Gold Rush, an army barracks, and tourist attraction may be less enticing but allude to a more dynamic existence. It is one to be embraced by San Francisco and California as a whole.

Open topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open topic - Essay Example This paper argues for morality of current laws that allows for abortion. Deontology ethics offers one of the bases for evaluating morality of abortion. According to the ethics, an act is moral if it is consistent with existing rules in a society and this means that reviewing such rules as the constitution are fundamental to understanding morality of abortion. Important to the abortion debate is the constitutional provisions for human rights and its protection thereof from contravening legislations. The Ninth Amendment of the constitution provides that citizens’ rights are supreme and no law can be made to create some rights that can infringe the former category of rights. Examples of the protected righst are rights to privacy and autonomy in decision-making. Pregnancy issues meet the privacy definition and should remain at a woman’s description, subject to the existing laws. Further, the same laws provide that such a right is supreme, no law should be made to contravene it, and this means that calls for illegalization contravene deontology ethics. While some people may argue that the defined rights in the Ninth Amendment also protect the fetus, such arguments can only be valid if the same constitution offered definition of fetus and provided for its rights. The Fourteenth Amendment however offers a solution to this problem through its definition of people who are entitled to rights under the constitution. One of its provisions is the phrase that ‘people who are born or are naturalized in the United States’ and this does not include fetus because it is not yet born. Consequently, the constitution, as an element of existing laws, protects a woman’s decision to have or not to have an abortion and arguments against such a position is Deontologically unethical (University of Minnesota 1). A person also has right to private property and this rationale grants a woman the right over her body and her body parts. The fetus is considerabl y part of a woman’s body as long as it is in her womb and this means that the woman has right over decisions affecting the fetus because of privacy and autonomy principles (University of California 1). Utilitarian approach to morality on abortion also guides the debate on whether abortion is moral and should be legalized or not. According to utilitarian ethics, an actor is moral if it offers net benefits to a majority of members of the society and immoral if its net effects are harmful to most of the involved stakeholders. Considering the case of an unwanted pregnancy, the child, the mother, and people in the environment are the involved stakeholders. An abortion terminates the child’s life but meets the interest of the expectant woman and the immediate society that already considers the child as unwanted. Forcing the woman to have the pregnancy however exposes her to rejection and rejection of the child that the woman may also reject and this leads to psychological ha rm to all the stakeholders. In such a case therefore, allowing for abortion benefits the expectant woman and the society while not allowing abortion identifies harm for all the stakeholders. Abortion would therefore be moral. The fetus is also not yet a human being and this means that it lacks feelings. Consequently, no harm can be attributed to abortion with respect to the fetus as a victim. This further means that a woman’s interest is important in an abortion case and the abortion should be legal

Gangs in America Why are they so out of control Essay - 2

Gangs in America Why are they so out of control - Essay Example Through the advanced technology in the entire United States, drug trafficking has been simplified and even gang recruitment is easier where the activities are mastermind through the use of technology leading to killings and other insecurity issues (Schneider, 1999). The expansion of gangs in the States has also increased in the streets due to the usage of social networking. The use of drugs and drug trafficking is unlawful and it is unethical to the States. To address the problem the federal government together with the Federal Bureau of Investigation should make sure that the advanced technology that is being used by individuals is monitored. Each and every activity that is taking place in United States should be tracked through the use of social media. Gangs are being recruited and expanding in the social media and thus close monitoring of all the activities should be done to ensure all those unethical practices in the States are curbed and eliminated in New York and California States among others. In California, landmark legislation referred to as Juvenile Crime Enforcement was passed in 1996 and Accountability Challenge Grant Program worthy $50 million was started to reduce the crime and prevent young individuals from conducting criminal activities. Young individuals associating themselves with gangs who threat and others cause mass killing in the States has been an ethical issue in entire United States. The young individuals who engage themselves in criminal activities die in many circumstances since they are confronted by the security officers making the youths to be reduced in the society. To curb this unethical issue, it is important for the federal government to fund and implement the program where juvenile rehabilitations centers will be structured where the violent and chronic juvenile offenders will be accommodated. Counseling and other disciplinary acts should be conducted to ensure that

Chocolate Cake and Diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chocolate Cake and Diet - Essay Example On the first half I gave up, I could not stop myself I just wanted more so I took a deep breath and the bitter and sweet smell filled my senses with happiness. The deep shades of brown covering the entire area around my mouth was quiet funny I could not believe myself that I could be that vulnerable regarding my obsession with chocolates and chocolate cakes. The most hateful aspect about being on a strict diet and one that was very painful was, not allowed to have chocolates. Especially on birthdays, over the years what made my birthdays so special were not the parties, balloons or the people but the dessert! On my every birthday I would have my favorite chocolate flourless, double layered with the thickest layer of chocolate fudge frosting. But all the wonderful sweet birthdays I had and despite all the fun I had in those birthdays, this day was simply the best. I took all my pent up frustration from having to eat veggies or organic foods over this luscious piece of cake. Although a slice of this cake meant hours and hours of workout and a day full of soups and only fruits but it was worth the sacrifice.It was the best slice of cake I had in my life, which changed the entire picture in my mind; I did not know that something could taste that heavenly. The ecstasy I felt when I took my first bite ended on remorse when I took the last so I finishes eating and dabbed my chocolate covered lips taking in the last remaining wisps and crumbs of the cake. It felt like one amazing experience.

Wk 7 Forum- Business Statement and Mgmt Plan Assignment

Wk 7 Forum- Business Statement and Mgmt Plan - Assignment Example The company president responsible for the day to day running of the company directs business strategy and reports directly to the board. The various vice presidents and heads of departments directly supervise business activities in the various departments and units to ensure compliance to the long-term goals and vision. The key functions of personnel management, procurement, business activities, relations to the community and entire world are charged on the heads of departments who through the directors eventually report to the board. We prefer a collaborative style of management in which everyone participates and contributes to major decisions as well as those affecting them directly. Every person has the required authority to carry out their responsibilities and perform their work effectively. This way everyone feels appreciated as part of the company; has freedom to be creative and innovative and pressure comes from competition by peers to perform

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION - Essay Example The main source for reference for this study is a 2003 World Bank endorsed report which provides facts about the practice. It also recommends possible interventions that can be taken by various stakeholders. One may ask whether   the responsibility of containing this evil be left only to governments. The main stakeholders such as employers, guardians, civil groups, labor authorities and governments have a mandate to collectively strategize on how to look and solve this issue once and for all. This is because if this does not happen the larger society will be in ruin as Larson (14) observes. Introduction Child labor is a nagging issue that is present in most developing countries. This is because of the fact that the policies and laws that govern labor are either too lenient or don’t exist at all. This can be traced back to the period when the world was in the Industrial revolution era according to Sailee Kale (1) who is a contributor to the issues that relate to labor. At thi s point in time, many industries were   constructed to manufacture commodities. Because the owners were keen to reduce the expenses that were originating from the inputs, they resolved to adopt cheap labor to maintain the desired profit levels. The main source for this labor was destitute children who could work for food and menial allowances. Such situations are reported by NGOs and the media on a daily basis in India and Africa where children toil the farms and manufacturing factories. The main cause of this situation as this study is going to highlight is poverty and ignorance. Faraaz Sidiqi a human labor consultant speaks widely on these issues and interventions that ought to be taken if the battle against child labor is to be won. Background Information According to Sidiqi (20) Africa and Asia account for more than 90% of the global child labor exploitation cases. This is because of the fact that they are developing at a unusually high rate. Countries in these regions have ag riculture and industrial sectors as the backbone for their economies. The two sectors are labor intensive meaning that they demand a high recruitment of workers to carry out menial jobs. Labor costs take the largest fraction of input expenses in any industry hence a constant search for cheaper supply by the owners. The available option for such labor is the children who are an easy target since they may not be aware of their rights. In the report that was investigating the trends of child labor from 1993-2003 by the World Bank, 22% of all workers in Africa and 15% in Asia were children. This can be a staggering revelation especially at this age and time when the world stresses on education for the future generations. The children working on massive farms or dungeons of factories miss education. The other issue on why the situation is prevalent in today’s society is the policy framework that exists in the affected countries. The laws that dictate labor in those countries are e ither too vague or are not implementable at all by the authorities as the report shows (67). Therefore, the starting point for solving this problem is through a thorough scrutiny of the laws that dictate how children and labor issues relate. This paper will expound on other probable causes of child labor and its associated effects. Later on, there will be a comprehensive look at recommended practices to change the aspect of child related labor. Causes of Child Labor Poverty and

Media and gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media and gender - Essay Example This essay "Media and gender" outlines the gender stereotypes shown in various media resources and advertisement and also the impact of it on the society. Media is conveying such messages through such magazines, which are directing women to construct their identities and also adopt as per the lifestyle of role models, which are presented through online boards in the form of images and different celebrities. These are exhibited in such a manner, which project women to be known more as a form of sexuality. Sadly, women are seen on coverage in any sports event or field, which does not show women constituting sensuality. Hence, these are seen as exploitation of women as viewed by feminists who are basically the advocates to protect rights of women through a mass media. Most of the feminism revolves around the notion that women should have equal opportunities while establishing social roles. They also address and examine the construction of sex and gender issues and protect them against violent behavior in the society. A woman can be focused as a subject of feminism when a discussion is made which analyzes all the constraints which are causing its representation of its functions. The irony of the situation is that women themselves do not provide or symbolize themselves as an identity of feminist traits this identity is necessary which should have a representation specially in politics. While one is talking about identity it can either based on two things, sex or gender. Hence in order to have study of feminism both things are necessary in its construction. There is a need to preserve the identities and play an important role in politics and other visionary aspects of feminism. In the society in

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION - Essay Example The main source for reference for this study is a 2003 World Bank endorsed report which provides facts about the practice. It also recommends possible interventions that can be taken by various stakeholders. One may ask whether   the responsibility of containing this evil be left only to governments. The main stakeholders such as employers, guardians, civil groups, labor authorities and governments have a mandate to collectively strategize on how to look and solve this issue once and for all. This is because if this does not happen the larger society will be in ruin as Larson (14) observes. Introduction Child labor is a nagging issue that is present in most developing countries. This is because of the fact that the policies and laws that govern labor are either too lenient or don’t exist at all. This can be traced back to the period when the world was in the Industrial revolution era according to Sailee Kale (1) who is a contributor to the issues that relate to labor. At thi s point in time, many industries were   constructed to manufacture commodities. Because the owners were keen to reduce the expenses that were originating from the inputs, they resolved to adopt cheap labor to maintain the desired profit levels. The main source for this labor was destitute children who could work for food and menial allowances. Such situations are reported by NGOs and the media on a daily basis in India and Africa where children toil the farms and manufacturing factories. The main cause of this situation as this study is going to highlight is poverty and ignorance. Faraaz Sidiqi a human labor consultant speaks widely on these issues and interventions that ought to be taken if the battle against child labor is to be won. Background Information According to Sidiqi (20) Africa and Asia account for more than 90% of the global child labor exploitation cases. This is because of the fact that they are developing at a unusually high rate. Countries in these regions have ag riculture and industrial sectors as the backbone for their economies. The two sectors are labor intensive meaning that they demand a high recruitment of workers to carry out menial jobs. Labor costs take the largest fraction of input expenses in any industry hence a constant search for cheaper supply by the owners. The available option for such labor is the children who are an easy target since they may not be aware of their rights. In the report that was investigating the trends of child labor from 1993-2003 by the World Bank, 22% of all workers in Africa and 15% in Asia were children. This can be a staggering revelation especially at this age and time when the world stresses on education for the future generations. The children working on massive farms or dungeons of factories miss education. The other issue on why the situation is prevalent in today’s society is the policy framework that exists in the affected countries. The laws that dictate labor in those countries are e ither too vague or are not implementable at all by the authorities as the report shows (67). Therefore, the starting point for solving this problem is through a thorough scrutiny of the laws that dictate how children and labor issues relate. This paper will expound on other probable causes of child labor and its associated effects. Later on, there will be a comprehensive look at recommended practices to change the aspect of child related labor. Causes of Child Labor Poverty and

Gary Kelly CEO of Southwest Airlines Research Paper

Gary Kelly CEO of Southwest Airlines - Research Paper Example He has a background as an accountant (Fitzpatrick). He has proven himself throughout the years to be both a steady leader and a confident innovator. The airline industry is extremely competitive and profit margins are at the mercy of a number of factors beyond the control of even the most activist CEO. He is routinely called one of the best CEOs in the United States (McCann). His personal background is somewhat instructive. A story is told of him wanting to be an oceanographer as a young man, but then moving to Texas to play football in university. It was a bad season and he moved on to try something else: accountancy (Fitzpatrick). Throughout his life he is quick to size up errors and shift focus when things are not working out. There are few better qualities in the leader of a large business. In a sense Kelly comes to work in the shadow of the man who built Southwest Airlines, Herb Kelleher, but he has distinguished himself from the founder in a number of ways. While most other air lines were seeking to charge customers for every pretzel, Kelly saw an opportunity. People thought he was crazy, but he decided to respect customers. He saw the market going one way, and he understood instinctively that space was opening for Southwest to seize. He refused to charge customers for baggage, and the company quickly shot to profitability. A recent article quoted Kelleher on his successor. "To be an excellent leader, you have to be a superb follower," Kelleher said. "Gary has provided great leadership. We transitioned for three years, and then he took over everything that I normally did. I'm very, very pleased and proud of his accomplishments" (LA Times). Being adaptable has helped Kelly and Southwest succeed in a way that few airlines have done in this day and age. Not only has he expanded Southwest's market, but he has become something of a legend. A story that business reporters like to quote goes as follows: When Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans— Southw est Airline’s largest hub—the company’s service to the city dramatically dropped from 57 flights a day to just two. Â  But while the City of New Orleans was forced to lay off workers, Southwest was able to offer the option of relocation to all of its 250 New Orleans employees (McCann). For many other companies this would have been devastating, but for Kelly it was an opportunity. It is clear that his leadership style owes a great deal to seeing opportunity where others see disaster. He isn't afraid to pursue risky projects, but knows that customers come first. Recent problems with Southwest aircraft have given Kelly a chance to shine in front of the national media. In early April, a Southwest plane suffered from a tear in its fuselage. This attracted a great deal of attention and lead a number of news broadcasts. Kelly had a choice with this situation. He could have said that the problem was just a fluke, a once-in-a-lifetime structural defect. That would have been the easy thing to do. But instead he chose to show what kind of leader he is. He ordered the fleet grounded for inspection (Martin, et al). Kelly understood that branding and marketing are important, but that when it comes to basic issues of safety, airlines cannot afford to skimp. Recovering from the negative attention can only be done by showing that Southwest has a safety climate with a real abundance-of-caution philosophy. His actions were widely heralded, even if they were expensive and

Web 2.0 Defined Essay Example for Free

Web 2.0 Defined Essay Web 2. 0 has been identified with the pronounced difference involving functionality and the current advances in web technology that makes it possible to develop innovative business models and processes based on these modular structures. This has been already used in education such as online learning tools and models. Web 2. 0 has also been able to modify the way web content has been stored, organized and properly categorized. Lastly, the development of Web 2. 0 has also contributed significantly to the rise of economic value of the internet that may possibly exceed the impact of the dot com (OReilly, 2006). Earlier users of the phrase Web 2. 0 employed it as a synonym for Semantic Web. The combination of social-networking systems such as FOAF and XFN with the development of tag-based folksonomies, delivered through blogs and wikis, sets up a basis for a semantic web environment. Tim OReilly regards Web 2. 0 as business embracing the web as a platform and utilising its strengths (global audiences, for example). OReilly considers that Eric Schmidts abridged slogan, dont fight the Internet, encompasses the essence of Web 2. 0 building applications and services around the unique features of the Internet, as opposed to building applications and expecting the Internet to suit as a platform (effectively fighting the Internet). Unlike Web 1. 0, Web 2. 0 is a bit of a catch-all which covers a broad rang of new online services, user-generated content, communities and social networking tools. Tim OReillys definition of Web 2. 0 in his Radar web column (OReilly 2005) is a comprehensive description of what Web 2. 0 is. Web 2.0 was described as a compilation of economic, social, and technology trends that when pooled together cohesively creates the foundation for the development of the next level of the internet a more mature, distinctive medium characterized by a high degree of participation among the people, directness, and network effect. The definition originated during a brainstorming session between OReilly Media_ and MediaLive executives in 2004. OReilly (2005) has also created a famous meme-map_, which attempts the central work of defining the interlocking elements of web 2. 0. The core value of web 2. 0 is the development of a solid set of technologies. OReilly also introduces all the major planks of this vision of the next generation of the web as a set of best practices from the first generation. However, Gartenberg (2006) speaking on a postcast_ indicates Web 2. 0 means different things to different people, and there-in lies the difficulty of trying to define clearly a term that it far more a marketing term than a technical term (Gartenberg 2006). OReilly (2006) in his Commencement Speech at UC Berkley_, explained that the genuine Web 2.0 application is the one where there is a proportionality between the number of users and the development of the application. Because of this, it is argued that the core value of Web 2. 0 is being able to effectively harness the innovativeness of everyone in the group. This kind of development is a step forward as compared to the previous state of the internet where the Web as a platform remained a baffling mess of buzzwords with no real clarity. Spolsky(2005) agreed with this stating that Web 2. 0 is a big, vague, nebulous cloud of pure architectural nothingness and that when people use the term Web 2. 0, I always feel a little bit stupider for the rest of the day. Although this is obviously true, in this specific sense, the concept of the Web 2. 0 application is nothing new at all to the World Wide Web. The term Web 2. 0 is used when a read-write aspect of the Web is used in a participatory way that actually creates greater shared knowledge for all. It was the widespread adoption of blogs, wikis, MySpace and other read-write techniques that ushered in a common I-write-and-everyone-reads-it usage pattern (Hinchcliffe 2006). Figure 2. 1 is a mind map outlining some of the major concepts and technologies which contribute to Web 2. 0. _ Fig 2. 1: Web 2. 0 Technologies Mind Map Web 2. 0 Applications There are number of applications that demonstrate the foundations and the functionalities of the Web 2. 0 concept. The following discussion is a list of popular Web 2. 0 applications and how it is integrated already in society. Blogs The concept of Weblog or Blogging has been defined by Drezner and Farrell (2004) as A web page with minimal to no external editing, providing on-line commentary, periodically updated and presented in reverse chronological order, with hyperlinks to other online sources. Yet even though this definition exists, other researchers such as Nardi et al (2004) express that weblogs currently accessible in the internet have a great diversity that is there is not a single dominant style of activity in the net. Others (Dyrud , Worley Quible, 2005) agree with this but on the hand, they expressed that there is something common to all blogs and that is they are primarily a venue in order to share information (regardless of the amount and manner) between people, groups, and organizations. According to Blood (2000) there are essentially two types of weblog: those that emphasize the diary and comment aspect, and those that emphasize hyperlinks. The former may seek to influence wider public opinion, or merely to raise the profile of the blogger; the latter act as a filter system, looking at what exists on the Web and recommending content that might be of interest to visitors. If bloggers make mistakes in the information they publish, they rely on their peers to point out any errors (Johnson and Kaye 2004) this sentence is very stand alone you may wish to introduce the idea of authority of authority of Web 2.0 technologies (which will presumably covered again in Wikis etc) . Thus, Blogs have unique features that traditional web media does not have. About 2. 7 million bloggers update their blogs at least weekly. According to Technorati, new blog creation continues to grow Figure X shows the number of new blogs created each day, from January 2004 to January 2006: _ Figure 2: New blogs (taken from Technoroati) _ As was mentioned above, there are various types of blogs and each variation provides the information to the user as different as possible. Factors to be considered are the type of the media to be used in order to transfer the information, the device that is used, the genre, the legal status of the publishers, blog search engines, and blogging communities and directories. One varying consideration to blogs is the kind of media that is used in order to share the message from the person/organization that would want to give the message to the recipient of the message. Take for example; a video blog is called a vlog, a blog that is comprised of links to other sites or networks is called a linklog. Another kind of blog that contains a series of sets of sketches is called a sketchblog and another type similar to a sketchblog is called a photoblog one that comprises of photos being shared, uploaded and downloaded. Another type of media that is currently being used by blogs is the tumbleblogs that have shorted posts and mixed media types. The other forms of media currently existing in blogs are called artlogs that is practically a form of blog that shares art and publishes it over the internet. The second point for consideration is the blogs genres. Some blogs are more focused on a specific type of subject such as blogs focused on the environment, travel, politics, nature, academic work, technology, etc. Each blog naturally has a specific genre that it revolves around. In the case for education, educational blogs focus on a particular topic or issue for the students or the researchers. This helps in narrowing down the topic field at the same time helps the users in being able to have a more focused blog where they can extrapolate vital information and not be flooded with unnecessary information that would not be useful to the students and researchers (Kline Burstein, 2005). Blogs can be classified as legal or rather private, or it can be public. The difference between the two is accessibility. In the case for private blogs, these blogs are used internally within organizations or within groups. One trait for this kind of blog is its restriction on accessibility. Public blogs offer free and unrestricted access to most if not all users in the web. They are given the opportunity to download, upload and communicate information using these blogs. Both blogs have been used in education as a means in order to distribute effectively information within the personnel of institutions (Hinchcliffe, 2006). In case for private blogs, educational institutions utilize these kind of blogs within their intranet infrastructure whereas public blogs are used for providing free and unrestricted education to those that do not have accessibility or the opportunity to access that kind of education (Kline Burstein, 2005). A considerable number of blogs are used also as search engines in order to find and identify specific items within the internet. These web 2. 0 applications are used in order to tag and categorize specific blog postings and information within the community or within the internet and flag them to the user. Lastly, blogs are used as a means of being able to communicate between people and organizations across distances. Blogs have the capacity to load directories, profiles and information of specific organizations or communities and can be accessed (depending on the restrictions imposed within the site) by the people using it. Wikis The original wiki, The Portland Pattern Repository (Portland pattern repository, n.d) was created by Full Name Cunningham in 1995 (c2. com/cgi. wiki? WikiHistory reference properly if there is no author use the title of the page The definition of a wiki is a webpage or set of webpages that can be easily edited by anyone who is allowed access (Edersbach et al. ,2006_). The overriding goal of a wiki is to become a shared repository of knowledge with the knowledge base growing over time (Godwin-Jones, 2003). Chawner and Lewis (2004) noted that a wiki is an example of social software, a type of software that makes it easy for groups of people to work in a virtual environment. However, Viegas , Wattenberg and Dave (2004) indicate that wikis are vulnerable to malicious edits or vandalism, which can be a problem at may levels. However, Cych (2006) argues that acts of vandalism and mistakes are rectified quite quickly by the self-moderation processes at work (a couple of sentences expanding on this issue is needed here if I were you Id try and refer to something which discusses the accuracy of wikipedia against the encyclopeadia britannica). As an alternative to the global editing of wikis, restricting access to registered users only is often used for professional, work group wikis. One of the great features of a wiki is its capacity to be able easily editable. A wiki has the capacity to be able to be edited collaboratively rather the information presented in wikis have the option to be edited or added utilizing a very rudimentary mark-up computer code that would use a internet explorer or browser. Broken down, one page within a wiki is referred by many as a wiki page as compared to the entire set of wiki pages is called a wiki when taken into consideration (Cunningham Leuf 2001). Thus, it can be generalized that a wiki is a collection of information where contributors can contribute collectively and users can access freely information. This has been proven as one of the most accessible or effective web 2. 0 applications in providing accessible and affordable information to students and researchers. One characteristic of a wiki that has made it so popular in sharing and communicating information to students is its ease of usability. Students need not have a degree in computer science or web applications but rather just the passion of sharing intuition and a little bit of patience in order to learn the scripts involved in the programming. They are free and without any need for registration so that users need not have the need to register or pay any amount (Aigrain 2003). It also offers real-time editing and creation so it provides the opportunity for students, researchers and faculty with much needed time as they acquire, research, and provide information within the educational institution. To summarize, unlike blogs, Wikis tend to be more structured and flexible,and, while blogs can be highly personal, wikis are intensely collaborative (Godwin-Jones, 2003). Social networking technologies (Myspace, Facebook, Flickr †¦. ) A social network service existing within the internet is created for the purpose of being able to create, develop an online community and confirm the legitimacy of its members. These communities, as was explained in blogs and their genres have a common trait which is mainly the reason why these people collectively group themselves together and form a social network based on the internet (Hinchcliffe, 2006). They are either grouped because of their desire to share their interests, activities, goals and passions in life. They are able to share this passion using the means of the internet as a medium of expression, particularly with the use of social networking services. One such social network that can be utilized is Myspace. In Myspace, as a new person joins a social networking site, other users of the site also benefit. Once the Network Effect begins to build and people become aware of the increase in a services popularity, a product often takes off very rapidly in a marketplace. MySpace membership rose to a reported 87 million_. You need to expand this to include some academic literature on social networking technologies. Impact of web2. 0 on the way people interact Web 2. 0 in practice is as mentioned by OReilly (2005) is a medium through which society can exchange (upload and download) information and interact with each other as never before offered by the Internet. This was further asserted by Boyd (2003) that wrote an article describing social software supporting the desire of individuals to affiliate, their desire to be pulled into groups to achieve their personal goals. On the other hand, Berners-Lee (1999 p. 157) talks about the information space as something to which everyone has immediate and intuitive access, and not just to browse ,but to create. Today, many people are setting up and writing blogs and working together to create information through the use of wikis, blogs and MySpace. Web 2. 0 software has emerged to facilitate new activities, and encourages a more human approach to interactivity on the Web. Web 2. 0 has become a tool that mainly focuses on providing opportunities for people or groups to maximize the Web in delivering information (conversations, data, etc. ) to and fro users. As Abaram (2005) claims, the social web is about conversations, personalization and individualism. It is interesting that it has been referred to as a People-Centric Web (Robinson 2005). Thus, With Web 2. 0 technologies you not only get the results of knowledge stored in a searchable fashion, but you also get the process of creating the knowledge made observable (McAffee 2006). Learning and Teaching Social software is being used by many individuals in Higher. As such it seems possible that students are likely to engage with these technologies and that they therefore may have potential for changing the way of teaching and learning. Collaborative learning is an activity where learners who are brought together through the Internet focus on working together as a learning community in which they share resources , knowledge, experiences and responsibilities (Maged N. Wheelert 2007). Need a discussion of why collaborative learning is useful. One of the potential impacts of social software on education was carried out by the Nesta-funded Future Lab project. The report called Social Software and Learning which was researched and created by Owen et al. (2006) was able to evaluate and review the developing trends in education and had indicated that learning will be more open, and that in schools and colleges, there is a greater emphasis on lifelong leaning and supporting the development of young peoples skills in creativity and innovation. On the other hand, Maloney (2007) realized that there are challenges that are now evident on how to figure out how to incorporate the paradigm-altering technologies of Web 2. 0 into teaching and learning and to maximize it potential in delivering information and promoting interactivity. One of these opportunities is On-line course-management. Maloney (2007) indicates that the most significant problem with course-management systems is that they are built around the credit-based courses and is not founded on the individual student. Although social tools are enabling users to rapidly connect with each other. But the challenge that that is now presented to most researchers in the field of Web 2. 0 integration to education and learning is being able to figure out a manner in incorporating the paradigm-altering technologies of Web 2. 0 into teaching and learning. Take for instance the example of Constitution High School where students are already heavily engaged in Web 2.0 technologies through social networking websites such as MySpace (Strike the Tent 2006). They articulated a vision, planned curriculum, designed assessment rubrics, debated discipline policies, and even hammered out daily schedules using the sort of networking tools messaging, file swapping, idea sharing, and blogging. Within High Education, Blogs seem to be the most commonly used by students as an assessed reflective diary . Tutors could use a blog to share annotated weblinks or links to news items which students can follow up as they have the opportunity (Report of the Information Services Working Group on Collaborative Tools 2006). The University of Warwick in UK has used Blogging software in this way. They have provided Blogging facilities to allow staff and students to create their personal pages. The intention is that the system will have a variety of education-related uses such as developing essay plans, creating photo galleries and recording personal development_. Wikis have also been used for educational purposes, according to report by Anderson (2007) wikis have been used at the University of Arizonas Learning Technologies Centre to help students on an information studies course who were enrolled remotely from across the USA. These students collated data individually but then worked together to build a wiki-based glossary. The resulting dataset was then shared and analyzed by the group (Glogoff, 2006). At the State University of New York, the Geneseo Collaborative Writing Project deploys wikis to support student work. The Wikis are used to track the ongoing development and evolution of projects, share ideas, and improve their research and communication skills collectively. Wiki-style technology has also been used in a tool developed at Oxford University to support teachers with design for learning.

Image And Impression Management

Image And Impression Management This sections aims to uncover and analyze past researches that had been done by other researchers on related topics of image and impression management. This chapter, will provide the theoretical foundation for this research. First, the historical background of impression management will be discussed. Second, the definition and scope of impression management will be examined. Review should contain critical evaluation and discussion of other related research. Image management A growing body of research indicates that we engage in image management in various social situations. Most research has focused on image management in face-to-face situations, particularly as it pertains to career success and performance appraisal. Previous studies have focused on how personality traits and certain situational factors affect image management (Boline Turley, 2002, p. 141). Image management can be defined as: a process by which individuals present information about themselves to appear as they wish others to see them (Kacmar et al., 2007, p. 16). Erving Goffman, who studied human interaction, first introduced the idea of impression management. Goffman described the social world as deceptive. In The Presentation of Self and Everyday Life (1959), Goffman describes human social interaction as a theatrical performance, meaning that people act as performers to give off certain impressions in certain social situations (Manning, 2009 p. 8). Therefore, we intentionally mislead people in efforts to give off a certain impression that we feel will benefit us within a specific social situation. Goffman uses the term fabrication to describe the way an individual misleads others (Manning, 2009, p. 9). Through fabrications, we frame ourselves to be who we want to be. Image management is also defined as the process by which people attempt to influence the images that others have of them (Rosenfeld, Giacalone Riordan, 1995). Regardless of the specific context in which it is used, the general goal of image management is to create a particular impression in others minds (Leary Kowalski, 1990; Rosenfeld et al., 1995). According to several theorists (Schlenker, 1980; McFarland, 2005) image management can be both conscious and unconscious. As Leary and Kowalski (1990) acknowledge as well, at one extreme people are unaware of others reactions to them, while on the other extreme people are conscious about the aspects of themselves that others can observe, such as their appearance and behaviour. Since image management behaviour can be learned, habitually and unconsciously, humans engage in impression management behaviour without considering what they are actually doing. With reference to Jones and Pittman (1982), people should be cautious in using image management tactics since one carries the risk that it will be perceived negatively; for every desired image, there is a corresponding undesired image at risk. For instance, an individual using self-promotion would like to be seen as competent, though he risks to be perceived as arrogant instead. In addition, image management research has mostly concentrate on purposive behaviour like verbal, non-verbal, and artificial behaviours that influence the images that other people have of the person. (Schneider, 1981). However, people often exercise image management behaviour without considering their own behaviour. In such instances, image management tactics become over learned habits. As Schlenker (1980) concludes, a great deal of image management behaviour appears to be non-purposive since it occurs automatically without conscious thought or control. Regarding purposive behaviours, Jones and Pittman (1980) have identified ingratiation, self-promotion, intimidation, exemplification, and supplication as image management. In todays world it is very important to understand who is playing which role, how one should act, and why other people are doing what they are doing. We project our image in very different manners: what we do, how we do it, what we say, how we say it, the arrangement of our offices, and our physical appearance, such as clothes and make-up as well as facial expressions. All these behaviors in some way help us define who we are (Rosenfeld et al., 1995, p.4). They form an identity and express what we want and expect from other people around us. These social identities constitute how individuals are defined and regarded in social interaction (Schlenker, 1980, p.69). The general definition used by scholars is that image management is the process through which individuals attempt to influence the impressions other people form of them (Gardner, 1992). Individuals manage their impressions when they wish to present a favorable image of themselves to others (Jones Pittman, 1982). Ways in which individuals manage their impressions can vary from verbal statements to their physical appearance or by using non-verbal gestures and expressions. Some theorists like Schlenker (1980) and Schneider (1981) make a distinction between the terms image management and self-presentation, even though most literature uses these terms interchangeably. Schlenker (1980) classifies image management as the attempt to control images that are projected in real or imagined social interactions while self-presentation is applied to situations in which the created impression is self-relevant (Schlenker, 1980, p.6). Schneider (1981) claims that self-presentation can be seen as a close cousin of image management, but still is dissimilar: Image can be managed by means other than self-presentation, and presentations may be used for goals other than image management (Schneider, 1981, p.25). Schneider (1981) mentions that image of an individual can also be controlled by a third party. Several theorists propose that self-presentation not only attempts to influence the images that others form, but also has an influence on the impression the person has about himself (Greenwald Breckler, 1985; Hogan, Jones Cheek, 1985; Schlenker, 1985). This in fact can be regarded as self-presentation to the self (Leary et al., 1990), as people are motivated to preserve particular beliefs about themselves (Greenwald Breckler, 1985). Overall, image management can be seen as a broader and more encompassing term than self-presentation (Leary et al., 1990). Impression Management Goffmans impression management work has developed and continuous to be a popular research topic addressing studies of identity and social interaction. Many impression management studies use the theory of self-monitoring to measure how anindividual works to achieve a desirable self-image. Self-monitoring can be described as an internal state combining self-observation and self-control (Scher et al., 2007, p. 186). Self-monitoring is an internal process in which a person tries to control the impressions they give off to others as a means of self-presentation (Scher et al., 2007, p. 187). In trying to give off certain impressions of ones self, a person controls their behaviors to ensure that they are socially appropriate. Lennox (1984) describes two sources of information that a person uses to assess how to act: ones personal disposition and situational cues (p. 199). Some people, known as low self-monitors, rely more on their inner states and feelings in assessing the appropriateness o f their behavior while others, known as high self-monitors, tend to respond to their social environments cues when deciding how to behave appropriately (Lennox, 1984, p. 199). High self-monitors adapt their behaviors to specific social situations. They look at the way others are behaving in the immediate social scene for cues on how they should behave. On the contrary, low self-monitors use their internal factors their attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and dispositions as cues on how they should behave in certain situations. Therefore, they are less affected by situational factors than high self-monitors. Their behaviors are more reflective of their personality (Lennox, 1984, p. 199). Studies have shown that high self-monitors are more likely to conform than low self-monitors and show more inconsistency between their behaviors and attitudes (Scher et al., 2007, p. 187). It is thought that high self-monitors are more concerned with what others think of them than low self-monitors, maki ng them more likely to conform in social situations (Sher et al., 2007, p. 190). Studies show that high self-monitors are more concerned with what others think and are more likely than low self-monitors to achieve desired images while avoiding undesired ones (Turnley Bolino, 2001, p. 251). They are skillful in controlling their self-image and often use impression management tactics. Jones and Pittman (1982) came up with a list of impression management tactics (Turnley Bolino, 2001, p. 352). These includes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ingratiation using flattery in efforts to get others to view you favorably à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self Promotion displaying your successes and skills in efforts to appear competent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exemplification striving to be seen as dedicated by exerting yourself to the fullest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supplication displaying your needs and shortcoming in efforts to appear needy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intimidation striving to be seen as threatening or dangerous by intimidating others Turnley and Bolinos study (2001) found that high self-monitors would more frequently achieve the desired image of likeable when using ingratiation, competent when using self promotion and dedicated when using exemplification than low self-monitors (Turnley Bolino, p. 353). A similar study done by Bolino Turnley (2003) found evidence that high self-monitors prefer to use positive impression management tactics (ingratiation, self promotion and exemplification) to negative tactics (supplication and intimidation) (p. 141). This same study also suggests that individuals who engage in positive impression management tactics are seen by others as more favorable than those who use all types of impression management tactics (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 141). This study asserts that women are less aggressive in using impression management tactics than men and therefore, are more likely to engage in positive tactics rather than negative ones (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 141). Bolino Turnley suggest that this may be because women follow the less aggressive tactics of the female gender role, which discourages aggressive or assertive behavior (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 148). Therefore, men are more active and aggressive in managing their impressions while women are mor e likely to do so passively (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 148). Siibaks study used the self-discrepancy theory to explain the reasons behind managing ones social media image. This theory asserts that individuals have three self-domains: The Actual Self an individuals representation of the attributes that he or she believes he/she possesses The Ideal Self an individuals representation of the attributes that someone (yourself or another person) wants you to possess The Ought Self and individuals representation of the attributes that someone (yourself or another person) believes you should possess (Higgins, 1987, p. 319) The Ought Self comes into play in impression management. Individuals seek to represent the Ought Self by emphasizing the attributes they believe a person ought to possess in a certain social situation. Many studies have focused on the Cultivation Theory as it pertains to self-image and distorted body image problems. Most of these studies look at television and magazines and their role in making females believe ideal beauty means excessive thinness. This study is more focused on exploring whether image management affects womens perceptions of ideal beauty. A study done on college women using print advertisements found that making social comparisons to ultra-thin models is significantly associated with greater internalization of the thin ideal and decreased satisfaction with ones own appearance (Engeln Maddox, 2005, p. 1114). This study uses a sociocultural model that describes body image problems and disordered eating as a result of the continued exposure to thin images. This prolonged exposure reinforces the Western ideal of thinness being attractive (Engeln-Maddox, 2005, p. 1115). A similar study was done on the effects of fashion magazines on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among females. This study also connects the medias promotion of the thin ideal to body distortion issues that remain at the center of anorexia and bulimia (Shaw, 1995, p. 15). It compared adolescents and adults and their responses to thin images present in magazines (Shaw, 1995, p. 20). Age, BMI and greater bulimic tendencies were positively correlated with greater responsiveness to images of thin models among adolescents (Shaw, 1995, p. 20). The adults, although still responsive to the thin ideal, were less responsive than adolescents (Shaw, 1995, p. 21). This is thought to be in part because adults, unlike adolescents, are not in a developmental stage in which they are concerned with collecting personal identity information (Shaw, 1995, p. 21). Shaw (2005) uses Social Identity Theory, which states that ones social identity is positively related to the degree of social attractiveness conferred by their membership of a particular social group to describe why females have greater body dissatisfaction after being exposed to ultra-thin magazine models (p. 21). Shaw also explains that our culture provides cues that teach females at an early age that they are judged by their physical beauty (p. 21). Therefore, females work to conform to the ideal images of beauty that our society has spelled out for them. If they are not able to conform to this ideal image of beauty, they may experience body dissatisfaction, which may lead to disordered eating habits. One study looked at the role of the peer environment and its ability to provide a subculture that emphasizes the importance of thinness throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ peer pressure to diet and be thin and teasing from peers about weight and shape (Gerner Wilson, 2005, p. 313). Female adolescents believe being thin is connected to a better popularity standing among friends and increases the perception of being dateable (Gerner Wilson, 2005, p. 314). This is linked to disordered dieting, poor self-image evaluations, and bulimia (Gerner Wilson, 2005, pg. 314). This study also suggests girls friendships with males, more than females, are closely tied to how they feel about their bodies, reflecting a sociocultural emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness for successful relationships with males (Gerner Wilson, 2005, p. 318). 2.2.1 Historical review on Impression management A distinction will be made between before and after the 1980s. The idea that people actively manage their image that others form of them has existed for centuries, but it was in the early 1900s that social philosophers incorporated these ideas into their thinking. It was only during the 1980s that the topic of image management started to become widely accepted as an element of organizational life and communications. 2.2.1 Impression management before the 1980s The concept of image and impression management relates back to prehistoric and primitive people who also were concerned about self-presentation. Cosmetics, clothing, jewelry and other aids to physical attractiveness were universally used to present positive identities to others (Tedeschi, 1981, p.xv). The idea that people project identities to one another and form identities from the reactions of others to them, has existed for a long period of time, yet it has not been until this century that social philosophers have incorporated this interactive process into their thinking (Cooley, 1902; Mead, 1934) 2.2.2 Impression management after the 1980s Prior to the 1980s generally social psychologists regarded impression management as a peripheral concept. It was rarely regarded as a fundamental interpersonal process on its own (Schlenker Weigold, 1992, p.135) . In the second half of the 1980s interest for impression management started to increase and the concept of impression management became more important. In 1989 two books were published by Giacalone and Rosenfeld about impression management in organizations. These two books served as source books for what is nowadays the distinctive field of organizational impression management (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). Impression management in organizations consists of strategic communications designed to establish, maintain, or protect desired identities (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). Since the 1980s impression management has been studied in organizational contexts such as leader-member exchange, job interviews and performance appraisal. The study of impression management in organizations is of great importance (Bozeman Kacmar, 1997, p.9). As popularity among researchers and practitioners grew it also started to be viewed as a mainstream rather than a peripheral concept. It is difficult to understand how impression management could have been overlooked in many theoretical discussions. Incorporating impression management into current research and practice is started to provide a better understanding of how organizational processes were to a large extent affected by individuals concerns over how they were being perceived by others (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). Most social psychological investigations have focused on intentional behaviors that decorate or modify ongoing behavior. Impression management is assumed to become more intentional and focused when people believe that they will gain valued outcomes by encouraging certain impressions in others (Schlenker Weigold, 1992). Since the 80s analysts have applied and studied the concept of impression management to a wide range of social phenomena, such as attitude change, nonverbal behavior, social anxiety and recently also to concepts such as eating behavior, organizational behavior. While in specifics being different, the analyses share in common the idea that people attempt to control information for one or more salient audiences in ways that try to facilitate goal-achievement (Schlenker Weigold, 1992, p.136). The concept of impression, specifically in the field of organizational life, has received much more importance than ever before. Impression management is a commonly occurring part of organizational life and it is seen as essential to effective organizational communication (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). In the next section a look will be taken at the motives people have to engage or use impression management. 2.3 Motives to engage in impression management Being skilled in the process of impression management is becoming more significant for managers and it is especially true in work settings with high pressure and where quick decisions need to be made in a dynamic environment. Individuals who are not aware of this aspect of organizational life run the risk of performing poorly, or even being moved to lower positions in the organization (Gardner, 1992). The statement and explanation given above by Gardner might in some way explain why people would attempt to use impression management at work with their colleagues. Yet in general people wish to be perceived as intelligent, friendly and morally good (Rosenfeld, GiacaloneTedeschi, 1983, p.60). This explanation is given for the question of why people laugh more often at humorous stimuli when others are present than when they are own their own, the answer being to establish an identity of oneself as a friendly person. People engage in impression management for many reasons that are influenced by social, personal and situational factors. Some theorists describe the process as a quick cost-benefit analysis (Schlenker, 1980). At the same time people are assessing the benefits that might be achieved by presenting one image rather then another one, they are also considering the costs of presenting that particular image (Rosenfeld et al.,1995). Some situations in which impression management is less likely to occur were described by Jones and Pittman (1980). Under conditions of high task involvement, where the individual becomes absorbed in the task itself. In another research on the use of impression management in assessment centers it was mentioned that the process of impression management required much of an individuals cognitive resources and so it could interfere with effective performance of the individual (McFarland, Ryan, Kriska, 2003). Other situations mentioned by Jones and Pittman (1980) are purely expressive behaviors such as anger and joy and situations in which the person is most of all concerned with presenting his/her true self, such as therapy sessions (Gardner Martinko, 1988). Next to situational factors also social and personal factors influence the motives of individuals to engage in impression management. Leary and Kowalski (1990) believed that impression management could be used to increase personal well-being in three interrelated goals. First of all by maximizing ones reward-cost ratio in social relations. As mentioned earlier, self-presentation also allows individuals to optimize their benefit-cost ratio when dealing with others (Schlenker, 1980). Being able to form a good impression will increase the probability of a desired outcome, be it a interpersonal one such as friendship or power or be it material such as raise in salary due to being seen as more competent (Leary Kowalski, 1990, p.37). The second goal that Leary and Kowalski (1990) mention is enhancing ones self esteem. People might employ in impression management, to regulate their self-esteem in a two-fold manner. One reason was that reactions that other individuals have will positively (compliments) or negatively (criticism) affect your self-esteem. So individuals will act in a manner to be able to inflate their self-esteem by trying to receive positive feedback (Leary Kowalski, 1990, p.37). A second reason is that the self esteem of individuals is also influenced by the self-evaluation of their performances and the feedback that you as an individuals will expect to receive from others (Leary Kowalski, 1990). The third and final goal proposed by Leary and Kowalski (1990) is facilitating the development of desired identities. According to Cooley (1902) and Mead (1934) our identity is in the end derived from society, and individuals sometimes engage in certain behaviors to indicate the ownership of such identity-relevant characteristics (Leary Kowalski, 1990). People may even engage in impression management activities as protection if they feel there is a threat to their social image. As can be seen above there are several motives for people to engage in impression managing. Aside of situational and social factors there are also some personality traits that will affect the degree of impression management being used. For example the extent to which an individual possess the trait of machiavellianism might have an impact on the degree of impression management being used. In todays world it is defined as one who employs aggressive, manipulative, exploiting and devious moves in order to achie ve personal and organizational objectives (Calhoon, 1969, p. 241). From this definition it seems obvious to conclude that the higher the score for machiavellianism the more likely the individual will engage in impression management to achieve personal objectives. A second and final trait that can be decisive for the degree in which an individual engages in impression management is self-monitoring. Individuals differ in the way they monitor their self-presentation and expressive behavior (Snyder, 1974, p.536). Individuals with high levels of self-monitoring can effectively use this skill to create impressions they want. Furthermore these individuals are also better at purposely communicating and expressing emotion in verbal and non verbal manners (Snyder, 1974). Before reaching the overall conclusion of this chapter it can be said that indeed personality as well as social and situational factors play a clear role and deciding what individual will or will not use impression management in certain situations. 2.4 Conclusion In this chapter an in depth look was taken at the historical background of impression management and it can be said that since the mid 80s the topic has increasingly received attention from social psychologists and the awareness of its importance is also dramatically increasing in organizational life. Furthermore a look was taken at the several definitions of the concept by different researchers. The definition that will be employed throughout this paper will be the process through which individuals attempt to influence the impressions other people form of them. In the final part of this chapter the several factors that might affect the motives of individuals to engage in impression management where studied. It was found that several situational, social and personality factors affect an individuals decision to employ impression management. In the next chapter a look will be taken at the choice of the type of impression management style or tactic that and individuals will choose.